西安鍛銅雕塑淺析銅材料以及加工工藝
來源：下載向日葵視頻app:ytbeishan.com 發布時間：2019年01月11日
金屬是下載向日葵視頻app:西安鍛銅雕塑中最常見的材料之一，在鍛銅雕塑藝術發展的歷史長河中，用不同種類的金屬制造的雕塑作品非常多而且有非常重要的歷史地位和價值。不論是純粹的雕塑藝術還是日常生活所用的器皿都有金屬雕塑的優秀范例。金屬是天然的材料，它具有永恒性和高貴性，從而具有廣泛的實用價值和審美價值。金屬材料硬度高、韌性好、光澤亮，是雕塑的主要材料之一。金屬材料經過高溫可以溶化成液體，然后將其澆注入相應的模具里，待其冷卻之后即可成型為雕塑。古代人們所使用的工具、生活用品、打仗的武器都是如此制成，我國在很早以前的夏商周到春秋戰國時期的青銅器鑄造就已經達到了一個頂峰。而銅材料是制作雕塑的主要金屬材料。
一、銅的(de)物(wu)理化(hua)學(xue)性質及其分(fen)類
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)人類發(fa)現最早(zao)而且(qie)又(you)是(shi)常被應用(yong)(yong)得得心應手的(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)化學(xue)符號是(shi)Cu、原子(zi)序數(shu)是(shi)29、原子(zi)量是(shi)63.546，色(se)澤呈玫瑰(gui)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)，比重是(shi)8.94，它(ta)的(de)(de)熔(rong)點是(shi)1083℃，沸點：2582℃，抗拉強度：220～420MPa。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)質地(di)軟而韌，其(qi)(qi)延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)好，易(yi)(yi)塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，導電(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)及導熱性(xing)(xing)(xing)優良(liang)，良(liang)好的(de)(de)拋旋光性(xing)(xing)(xing)，易(yi)(yi)氧(yang)化，尤其(qi)(qi)是(shi)加(jia)熱更(geng)易(yi)(yi)氧(yang)化，不能(neng)做防護性(xing)(xing)(xing)鍍(du)層(ceng)，會(hui)和(he)空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)硫作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)生成褐色(se)硫化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，會(hui)和(he)空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)二氧(yang)化碳(tan)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)形成銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錄，會(hui)和(he)空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)氯形成氯化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉末。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)層(ceng)具有良(liang)好均勻性(xing)(xing)(xing)、致密性(xing)(xing)(xing)、附著(zhu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)及拋旋光性(xing)(xing)(xing)等，所以(yi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)做其(qi)(qi)它(ta)電(dian)鍍(du)金(jin)屬之(zhi)底鍍(du)鍍(du)層(ceng)。鍍(du)層(ceng)可(ke)(ke)(ke)做為(wei)防止滲(shen)碳(tan)氮化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，唯一(yi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)實用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)鋅鑄件電(dian)鍍(du)打底用(yong)(yong)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)來源充足，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容(rong)易(yi)(yi)電(dian)鍍(du)，容(rong)易(yi)(yi)控(kong)制，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)電(dian)鍍(du)量僅次于(yu)(yu)鎳。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)可(ke)(ke)(ke)分(fen)為(wei)紅(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。紅(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)單純(chun)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)金(jin)屬，性(xing)(xing)(xing)軟而熔(rong)點低，容(rong)易(yi)(yi)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)。所以(yi)鍛銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)絕大(da)(da)部分(fen)是(shi)指紅(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而言。紅(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)軟富延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)，又(you)能(neng)很好的(de)(de)表現作(zuo)者的(de)(de)創作(zuo)意圖，且(qie)色(se)澤渾厚、穩重，可(ke)(ke)(ke)和(he)各種裝(zhuang)飾(shi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)、各種環境配合，既可(ke)(ke)(ke)制作(zuo)大(da)(da)型壁畫、雕塑，又(you)可(ke)(ke)(ke)做靈活(huo)的(de)(de)局部點綴裝(zhuang)飾(shi)。所以(yi)這種工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)受到很多藝(yi)(yi)術家的(de)(de)偏愛，成為(wei)許多壁畫、雕塑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)首選材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)。黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)在(zai)純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)加(jia)入(ru)金(jin)屬錫冶(ye)煉而成的(de)(de)，其(qi)(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)狀較硬(ying)(ying)，相對延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)較差，板(ban)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)易(yi)(yi)變形，所以(yi)一(yi)般只適于(yu)(yu)制作(zuo)一(yi)些折皺少(shao)、大(da)(da)塊面積的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)品(pin)，如銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)字、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌等。青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)在(zai)天然銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)里加(jia)入(ru)了50％的(de)(de)錫等材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)后熔(rong)化成為(wei)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)硬(ying)(ying)度要比原銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高，但是(shi)熔(rong)點卻由原初的(de)(de)1083℃下降到800～960℃。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)易(yi)(yi)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，有一(yi)定準確度，耐久性(xing)(xing)(xing)好，并有一(yi)種華貴、古(gu)雅、莊重的(de)(de)色(se)彩。
二、下載向日葵視頻app:西安鍛(duan)銅浮雕的加工工藝
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)經過不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)加工(gong)技術(shu)(shu)和(he)(he)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)程序，會(hui)產(chan)生不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)視覺美(mei)感(gan)和(he)(he)觸(chu)覺美(mei)感(gan)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)雕(diao)塑的(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)之(zhi)美(mei)是(shi)集材質(zhi)之(zhi)美(mei)、工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)之(zhi)美(mei)和(he)(he)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)之(zhi)美(mei)三者(zhe)綜合的(de)(de)(de)結晶。因此，學習和(he)(he)研(yan)究銅(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)雕(diao)塑需要(yao)(yao)從這三者(zhe)入手，即使是(shi)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)欣賞(shang)也(ye)是(shi)需要(yao)(yao)這三方(fang)(fang)面(mian)來進(jin)行，如果只是(shi)從一個方(fang)(fang)面(mian)就很難了(le)解和(he)(he)把(ba)握(wo)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)雕(diao)塑藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)真諦和(he)(he)豐富的(de)(de)(de)內涵。由于不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)種類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)材料和(he)(he)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)造型(xing)(xing)、結構的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)雕(diao)塑對加工(gong)成型(xing)(xing)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)。所以成型(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)制(zhi)作(zuo)方(fang)(fang)法主要(yao)(yao)包括鑄造、鍛造、焊接、鉚(liu)接、切(qie)割等五(wu)大加工(gong)成型(xing)(xing)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)，而(er)且在(zai)裝飾(shi)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)還(huan)主要(yao)(yao)有鑲嵌、雕(diao)金、鍍金和(he)(he)鍍銀三大類(lei)。
（一）鑄造(zao)工藝
鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)工藝是銅雕塑(su)的最(zui)古老的成型(xing)工藝之一，它的加工方(fang)法是首(shou)先要用黏土或(huo)者其它可塑(su)材料(liao)(liao)做出原型(xing)，然后再翻成鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)模(mo)型(xing)，之后進行澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)。根據(ju)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)模(mo)型(xing)材料(liao)(liao)的不同，主要分(fen)為陶范鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)、金屬(shu)范鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)和失蠟(la)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)（也稱(cheng)翻沙(sha)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)）。
1、陶范鑄造
它是(shi)我國最(zui)古老的(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)技術之一，我們的(de)(de)(de)(de)祖先(xian)(xian)早在(zai)(zai)商代就(jiu)熟練地掌握(wo)了(le)(le)(le)這種工藝(yi)，并(bing)(bing)用(yong)此工藝(yi)制(zhi)作(zuo)了(le)(le)(le)大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)藝(yi)術珍品(pin)，成就(jiu)了(le)(le)(le)享(xiang)譽世界的(de)(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)文(wen)化。陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)方法(fa)首先(xian)(xian)是(shi)制(zhi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，“范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)”是(shi)指用(yong)于鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)模子，制(zhi)作(zuo)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)要精選(xuan)細黏土敷(fu)(fu)在(zai)(zai)模型(xing)(xing)上(shang)(shang)，待半干時分(fen)塊取下(xia)陰(yin)干，干透的(de)(de)(de)(de)泥范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)再(zai)(zai)經焙燒成為陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)①。這就(jiu)形成了(le)(le)(le)外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)片(pian)多少視造(zao)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)復(fu)雜程度(du)而定(ding)。如果(guo)要鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成中空的(de)(de)(de)(de)雕塑(su)或器物，在(zai)(zai)做(zuo)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)后還(huan)要做(zuo)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)內(nei)(nei)(nei)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)與內(nei)(nei)(nei)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)空間距離就(jiu)是(shi)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)厚度(du)。陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)部要預先(xian)(xian)做(zuo)好澆(jiao)注(zhu)口和出氣(qi)孔。最(zui)后把內(nei)(nei)(nei)、外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)合起來，并(bing)(bing)敷(fu)(fu)上(shang)(shang)泥層(ceng)進行加固。做(zuo)好上(shang)(shang)述工作(zuo)，即(ji)可(ke)以熔銅(tong)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)了(le)(le)(le)。對(dui)(dui)于造(zao)型(xing)(xing)復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)雕塑(su)，陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)往往無(wu)法(fa)一次(ci)成型(xing)(xing)，因(yin)此需要采用(yong)分(fen)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。比如全身人像(xiang)雕塑(su)，我們將(jiang)其頭與身體(ti)、四(si)肢分(fen)別制(zhi)成陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，先(xian)(xian)將(jiang)四(si)肢鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)好暫不拿出，再(zai)(zai)與軀(qu)干的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)對(dui)(dui)接(jie)起來，澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)軀(qu)干時四(si)肢便與軀(qu)干鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成一體(ti)了(le)(le)(le)。
西安易銅坊雕塑工程有限公司(17691083840)公司主要經營下載向日葵視頻app:鍛銅雕塑定(ding)制,浮雕,不銹鋼雕塑和石雕.擁有多位資深雕塑設計師,從事雕塑和浮雕設計.公司技術力量雄厚,施工隊伍一流。
一、銅的(de)物(wu)理化(hua)學(xue)性質及其分(fen)類
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)人類發(fa)現最早(zao)而且(qie)又(you)是(shi)常被應用(yong)(yong)得得心應手的(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)化學(xue)符號是(shi)Cu、原子(zi)序數(shu)是(shi)29、原子(zi)量是(shi)63.546，色(se)澤呈玫瑰(gui)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)，比重是(shi)8.94，它(ta)的(de)(de)熔(rong)點是(shi)1083℃，沸點：2582℃，抗拉強度：220～420MPa。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)質地(di)軟而韌，其(qi)(qi)延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)好，易(yi)(yi)塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，導電(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)及導熱性(xing)(xing)(xing)優良(liang)，良(liang)好的(de)(de)拋旋光性(xing)(xing)(xing)，易(yi)(yi)氧(yang)化，尤其(qi)(qi)是(shi)加(jia)熱更(geng)易(yi)(yi)氧(yang)化，不能(neng)做防護性(xing)(xing)(xing)鍍(du)層(ceng)，會(hui)和(he)空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)硫作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)生成褐色(se)硫化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，會(hui)和(he)空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)二氧(yang)化碳(tan)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)形成銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錄，會(hui)和(he)空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)氯形成氯化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉末。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)層(ceng)具有良(liang)好均勻性(xing)(xing)(xing)、致密性(xing)(xing)(xing)、附著(zhu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)及拋旋光性(xing)(xing)(xing)等，所以(yi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)做其(qi)(qi)它(ta)電(dian)鍍(du)金(jin)屬之(zhi)底鍍(du)鍍(du)層(ceng)。鍍(du)層(ceng)可(ke)(ke)(ke)做為(wei)防止滲(shen)碳(tan)氮化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，唯一(yi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)實用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)鋅鑄件電(dian)鍍(du)打底用(yong)(yong)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)來源充足，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容(rong)易(yi)(yi)電(dian)鍍(du)，容(rong)易(yi)(yi)控(kong)制，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)電(dian)鍍(du)量僅次于(yu)(yu)鎳。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)可(ke)(ke)(ke)分(fen)為(wei)紅(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。紅(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)單純(chun)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)金(jin)屬，性(xing)(xing)(xing)軟而熔(rong)點低，容(rong)易(yi)(yi)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)。所以(yi)鍛銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)絕大(da)(da)部分(fen)是(shi)指紅(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而言。紅(hong)(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)軟富延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)，又(you)能(neng)很好的(de)(de)表現作(zuo)者的(de)(de)創作(zuo)意圖，且(qie)色(se)澤渾厚、穩重，可(ke)(ke)(ke)和(he)各種裝(zhuang)飾(shi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)、各種環境配合，既可(ke)(ke)(ke)制作(zuo)大(da)(da)型壁畫、雕塑，又(you)可(ke)(ke)(ke)做靈活(huo)的(de)(de)局部點綴裝(zhuang)飾(shi)。所以(yi)這種工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)受到很多藝(yi)(yi)術家的(de)(de)偏愛，成為(wei)許多壁畫、雕塑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)首選材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)。黃(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)在(zai)純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)加(jia)入(ru)金(jin)屬錫冶(ye)煉而成的(de)(de)，其(qi)(qi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)狀較硬(ying)(ying)，相對延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)較差，板(ban)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)易(yi)(yi)變形，所以(yi)一(yi)般只適于(yu)(yu)制作(zuo)一(yi)些折皺少(shao)、大(da)(da)塊面積的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)品(pin)，如銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)字、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌等。青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)在(zai)天然銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)里加(jia)入(ru)了50％的(de)(de)錫等材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)后熔(rong)化成為(wei)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)硬(ying)(ying)度要比原銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高，但是(shi)熔(rong)點卻由原初的(de)(de)1083℃下降到800～960℃。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)易(yi)(yi)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，有一(yi)定準確度，耐久性(xing)(xing)(xing)好，并有一(yi)種華貴、古(gu)雅、莊重的(de)(de)色(se)彩。
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)經過不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)加工(gong)技術(shu)(shu)和(he)(he)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)程序，會(hui)產(chan)生不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)視覺美(mei)感(gan)和(he)(he)觸(chu)覺美(mei)感(gan)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)雕(diao)塑的(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)之(zhi)美(mei)是(shi)集材質(zhi)之(zhi)美(mei)、工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)之(zhi)美(mei)和(he)(he)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)之(zhi)美(mei)三者(zhe)綜合的(de)(de)(de)結晶。因此，學習和(he)(he)研(yan)究銅(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)雕(diao)塑需要(yao)(yao)從這三者(zhe)入手，即使是(shi)藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)欣賞(shang)也(ye)是(shi)需要(yao)(yao)這三方(fang)(fang)面(mian)來進(jin)行，如果只是(shi)從一個方(fang)(fang)面(mian)就很難了(le)解和(he)(he)把(ba)握(wo)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)雕(diao)塑藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)真諦和(he)(he)豐富的(de)(de)(de)內涵。由于不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)種類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)材料和(he)(he)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)造型(xing)(xing)、結構的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)雕(diao)塑對加工(gong)成型(xing)(xing)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求也(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)。所以成型(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)制(zhi)作(zuo)方(fang)(fang)法主要(yao)(yao)包括鑄造、鍛造、焊接、鉚(liu)接、切(qie)割等五(wu)大加工(gong)成型(xing)(xing)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)，而(er)且在(zai)裝飾(shi)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)還(huan)主要(yao)(yao)有鑲嵌、雕(diao)金、鍍金和(he)(he)鍍銀三大類(lei)。
（一）鑄造(zao)工藝
鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)工藝是銅雕塑(su)的最(zui)古老的成型(xing)工藝之一，它的加工方(fang)法是首(shou)先要用黏土或(huo)者其它可塑(su)材料(liao)(liao)做出原型(xing)，然后再翻成鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)模(mo)型(xing)，之后進行澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)。根據(ju)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)模(mo)型(xing)材料(liao)(liao)的不同，主要分(fen)為陶范鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)、金屬(shu)范鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)和失蠟(la)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)（也稱(cheng)翻沙(sha)鑄(zhu)造(zao)(zao)）。
1、陶范鑄造
它是(shi)我國最(zui)古老的(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)技術之一，我們的(de)(de)(de)(de)祖先(xian)(xian)早在(zai)(zai)商代就(jiu)熟練地掌握(wo)了(le)(le)(le)這種工藝(yi)，并(bing)(bing)用(yong)此工藝(yi)制(zhi)作(zuo)了(le)(le)(le)大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)藝(yi)術珍品(pin)，成就(jiu)了(le)(le)(le)享(xiang)譽世界的(de)(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)文(wen)化。陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)方法(fa)首先(xian)(xian)是(shi)制(zhi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，“范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)”是(shi)指用(yong)于鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)模子，制(zhi)作(zuo)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)要精選(xuan)細黏土敷(fu)(fu)在(zai)(zai)模型(xing)(xing)上(shang)(shang)，待半干時分(fen)塊取下(xia)陰(yin)干，干透的(de)(de)(de)(de)泥范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)再(zai)(zai)經焙燒成為陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)①。這就(jiu)形成了(le)(le)(le)外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)片(pian)多少視造(zao)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)復(fu)雜程度(du)而定(ding)。如果(guo)要鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成中空的(de)(de)(de)(de)雕塑(su)或器物，在(zai)(zai)做(zuo)好的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)后還(huan)要做(zuo)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)內(nei)(nei)(nei)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)與內(nei)(nei)(nei)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)空間距離就(jiu)是(shi)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)厚度(du)。陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)部要預先(xian)(xian)做(zuo)好澆(jiao)注(zhu)口和出氣(qi)孔。最(zui)后把內(nei)(nei)(nei)、外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)合起來，并(bing)(bing)敷(fu)(fu)上(shang)(shang)泥層(ceng)進行加固。做(zuo)好上(shang)(shang)述工作(zuo)，即(ji)可(ke)以熔銅(tong)澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)了(le)(le)(le)。對(dui)(dui)于造(zao)型(xing)(xing)復(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)雕塑(su)，陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)往往無(wu)法(fa)一次(ci)成型(xing)(xing)，因(yin)此需要采用(yong)分(fen)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)法(fa)。比如全身人像(xiang)雕塑(su)，我們將(jiang)其頭與身體(ti)、四(si)肢分(fen)別制(zhi)成陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，先(xian)(xian)將(jiang)四(si)肢鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)好暫不拿出，再(zai)(zai)與軀(qu)干的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)對(dui)(dui)接(jie)起來，澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)軀(qu)干時四(si)肢便與軀(qu)干鑄(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成一體(ti)了(le)(le)(le)。
西安易銅坊雕塑工程有限公司(17691083840)公司主要經營下載向日葵視頻app:鍛銅雕塑定(ding)制,浮雕,不銹鋼雕塑和石雕.擁有多位資深雕塑設計師,從事雕塑和浮雕設計.公司技術力量雄厚,施工隊伍一流。
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